The Daewoo Group Organization Essays - Chaebol, Daewoo, GM Korea

The Daewoo Group Organization MSA 650: Organizational Theory Sunday, March 19, 2000 DAEWOO GROUP ORGANIZATION FACTS: Woo-Chong Kim founded the Daewoo Group in 1967. It became one of the Big Four chaebol in South Korea. Daewoo is an industrial and multi-faceted service conglomerate. Daewoo was prominent in expanding its global market through joint ventures all over the world. During the 1960s, after the downfall of the Syngman Rhee government, the new government intervened to promote growth and development in the country. They increased access to resources, promoted exports, financed industrialization, and provided protection from competition. In exchange for a companys loyalty, the government granted favorable treatment to the chaebol. In the beginning, the Korean government instigated a series of five-year plans where chaebol were forced to achieve a number of basic objectives. Daewoo did not become a major player until the second five-year plan. Daewoo began trading and benefited from government-sponsored cheap loans by borrowing based on potential export profits. The company initially concentrated on labor- intensive clothing and textile industries that provided high profit margins. The most significant resource in this plan was the South Koreans large workforce. The third and fourth phase of the five-year plan occurred from 1973 to 1981. During this period, the countrys labor force was in high demand. Competitions from other countries begin eroding Koreas competitive edge. The government responded to this change by concentrating its effort on mechanical and electrical engineering, shipbuilding, petrochemicals, construction, and home base defense initiatives. During this period, Daewoo achieved its general trading company status and anger aroused from competing nations due strict controls. At the end of this period, Government policy forced Daewoo into shipbuilding. Kim was reluctant to enter this type of industry because he felt that there were other chaebol better suited to handle the heavy engineering project. Nevertheless, Kim soon saw Daewoo earn a reputation for producing competitively priced ships and oilrigs. During the next decade, the Korean government became more liberal in their economic efforts. Small private companies were encouraged, protectionist imports were loosened, and the government stopped practicing positive discrimination. These moves were designed to encourage free market trade and to force the chaebol to be more aggressive abroad. Daewoo responded to the challenge by establishing a number of joint ventures with U.S. and European companies. They expanded exports of machine tools, defense products, aerospace interests, and semiconductor design and manufacturing. After a gradual learning curve, they begin to build civilian helicopters and airplanes, which were priced considerably cheaper than those produced by their U.S. counterparts. They expanded their efforts in the motor industry and was ranked as the seventh highest car exporter and the sixth largest car manufacturer in the world. Daewoo had excellent experience at turning around faltering companies in Korea. ISSUES: There were many issues discussed in this case across the years of growth, but I will focus on the major issues in this case. Those issues are as follows: 1. Government Interventions: Government policy served as a double edge sworn, it protected the chaebol, providing them with massive subsidies, unlimited cheap credit, and protection against foreign competition. However, the price for these services was total loyalty to the government. Chaebol were forced to take over industries against their will. The government was constantly involved in their businesses and stifled their creativity. 2. Labor Market: Traditional work ethics that helped Korea reach economic prosperity has been threatened as workers have begun increasingly violent protest against years of long hours and low pay. Daewoo shipbuilding suffered heavy loses due to workers demand for pay raises. 3. Operating in a Global Economy: International demands for free trade is forcing the Korean government to open its market. The chaebol will lose its protectionist import controls. Most recently, the North American Free Trade Agreement and the European Economic Community imposed trade limitations. 4. Product Quality from Korea: Korean products were considered cheap quality. Companies are trying to improve that image. 5. By the 1990s, Daewoo Group was heavily leveraged, major markets were stagnant, expenditures on R&D were increasing, labor unrest continued, and government policy adds to their worries. 6. Kim was most recently charged with allegedly paying campaign contributions to former president Roh Tae Woo government in exchange for a large government contract to build a submarine base. SOLUTIONS: Daewoo Group president

ESL Holiday essay Essay Example

ESL Holiday essay Essay Example ESL Holiday essay Essay ESL Holiday essay Essay ESL Holiday essay BY KLtn Essay: Relationships and experiences shape an individuals sense of belonging. To what extent do the texts that you have studied support this idea? Relationship and experiences are two of the most common things in peoples life; they can shape peoples sense of belonging. A sense of belonging is the bond between people or something. Relationship like the brotherhood between brothers can form a strong sense of belonging between them. Experience such as life experience or Just a talk with someone can also shape peoples sense of belonging to something. Both of them ake place to such a great extent that happens to anyone, which can be seen from the film Billy Elliot by Stephen Daldry, the play Educating Rita by Willy Russell and the fiction Enders Game by Orson Scott Card. A sense of belonging between brothers is usually shaped by the brotherhood. In the orientation of Enders Game, Ender and his old brother Peter are playing a wrestling game where Peter obviously dominates Ender. After he beats Ender down on the floor he puts his toe against Enders groin and puts more and more weight on Ender, Ender can hardly breathe. Then Peter ays l could kill you like this. The emotive verb kill tells us that Peter tends to rule over his younger brother. Peters lack of mercy on Ender shows a bad relationship between the brothers. Similarly, in Billy Elliot, during the orientation of the story, when Tony finds out Billy has played his record, he asks aggressively: you have been playing my record? You little twat. The use of abusive language twat towards his younger brother shows their brotherhood lacking harmony. This is further emphasized as Tony takes Billys book, whacks on Billys head and calls Billy nob- ead However, as the proverb Blood is thicker than water goes, the true brotherhood love between brothers is unbreakable. It may be not that peaceful, but the sense of belonging between them shaped by their brotherhood will last forever. The night after Peter beats Ender, he sneaks to Enders bedroom and kissed him on his forehead and whispered Ender, Im sorry I love you, the comparison between the emotive words kill in the previous and the emotive word love conveys that no matter how unhappy brothers have been, the sense of belonging between them can lways call love back. The same idea is shown in the Billy Elliot when Jackie and Tony go to London to see Billys performance. Through a series of long shots showing Jackie and Tonys movement, Stephen gives us a comparison between the two characters. Jackie moves slowly, whereas Tony is in a hurry all the time. He runs in every single shot, and urges Jackie to hurry up with imperative tone, such as Dad! , Come on! and We are gonna be late. While they are on the escalator, through a high angle shot, both of them are depicted vulnerable in comparison to the big city. Jackie is fully shocked by the magnificence, as we can see he stands still and looks up at the ceiling; however, Tony is not impressed by anything. Although he also hasnt seen the great city before, his sense of belonging to Billy urges him to see Billys performance as early as possible. Relationship, the brotherhood, between the two brothers forms strong sense of belonging between them respectively. The sense of belonging to brothers shaped by their brotherhood is unbreakable as displayed in both texts. Moreover, peoples experience can also shape their sense of belonging. In er life experience. During one of the setbacks, Ms. Wilkinson and Billy are waiting on the bridge. When Ms. Wilkinson tells Billy the story Swan Lake, she is implying a metaphor for her own life. She was once a ballet dancer like the girl who was the princess; she was entrapped in the town like the princess who was turned into a swan; she used to have a strong sense of belonging to ballet but now it is dead, Just like the wrong ending she tells Billy shes dead ts Just a ghost story. Her sense of belonging is dead because of her life experience. Through a long shot at bottom ngle, the composer shows the magnificent steel bridge, which is like a huge cage exerting a massive depression to both characters. Audience can also experience the pressure, from Billys point of view. The bridge is the symbol of the town which entraps both of them. The next shot shows Billy is looking up the bridge like a bird who wants to break the cage, whereas Ms. Wilkinson Just smokes and doesnt even bother looking at anything. This indicates that Billy wants to break the cage and see the outside world, whereas Ms. Wilkinson has lost all motivation to chase her dream nd accepts what she has now. Her sense of belonging to ballet is re-shaped by her life experience in Everington where ballet dance is not valued. While in the play Educating Rita, Ritas sense of belonging to education is shaped through a talk with her mum. During the setbacks of the story in Scene7 Actl, Rita goes to pub with her mother and husband. Her mother explains why she cried: because we could sing better songs than those. The songs are metaphor for life. The use of subjunctive mood clearly shows that Ritas mother is regretting she didnt get educated when she was young. Rita also sees her mother as a mirror for her life, as she says:thats why I came back and thats way Im staying. The use of repetition further stresses that she doesnt want to be the image in the mirror of her mother. She wants to be educated; she wants to sing better songs. Her sense of belonging to education is not only shaped but also strengthened by it. Both characters sense of belonging have been shaped through their personal experience as demonstrated above In conclusion, relationship between people and their experience have such a great impact on peoples sense of belonging that they can shape peoples sense of belonging.

The Palestine-Israel Conflict and the United States Essay

The Palestine-Israel Conflict and the United States - Essay Example As a result, Israel and Palestine engage in social and political conflicts, resulting in terrorism attacks at times. While border and land issues constitute the central problem in Palestine-Israel conflict, there are other contributory factors that exacerbate the conflict between Israel and Palestine. These factors include, but are not limited to, water rights, security, Israeli settlements, refugee issues, violence outside Israel, international influence, and occupation of West Bank by Israeli military and people (Salinas & Rabia 183). With the conflict dating back to the 20th century, the international community has responded and tried to unite the two sides. The United States has played a critical role in trying to resolve the dispute. For instance, the Clinton, Bush, and Obama administrations have tried to restore peace in both Israel and Palestine. On the same note, the European Union, Russia, and the United Nations have actively been involved in the conflict resolution pursuit (Salinas & Rabia 211). Most notably, the United States refuted West Bank settlements due to the substantial barrier that they posed to the peace process. Over and above this, the gravity of the matter is seen even more in the light of Hamas emergence to derail Palestine-Israel peace negotiations. While the causes of the Palestine-Israel conflict are purely between Israelis and Palestinians, the influence of the international community has relatively exacerbated the conflict. The endless pursuits to resolve the issue have only resulted in a heightened conflict activity as either side dispute the propositions of the involved international stakeholders. Border demarcation, control over Jerusalem City, water resources dispute, West Bank construction and settlement, violence in Israel and Palestine, and ownership of Gaza strip are the major causes of the Palestine-Israel conflict (Salinas & Rabia 259). A resolution to the Palestine-Israel conflict

Critically discuss the view that capital markets created the Essay - 4

Critically discuss the view that capital markets created the conditions that led to the new economy bubble and the banking crisis - Essay Example This essay aids, to discuss the view that capital markets created the conditions that led to the â€Å"new economy† bubble and the banking crisis. Old economy firms were or are large, well established firms that operate in a form of traditional sector. Old economy firms have small investment and less involved in the current technology era (Torre & Schmukler 2007, p. 88). These old economy firms were the ones, which dominated the entire economic activities before the introduction of the dotcom epoch. The current dotcom era ushered in the economy back in the 1990s, leading to the creation of new and high-growth firms hence improving the economic status of many countries â€Å"bubble† and causing banking crisis internationally. Old economy firms usually exhibit low volatility and suffer continuous dividends as they continue to participate in mature firm sectors, which tend not to provide potential investments for companies (United Nations Conference On Trade And Development 2009, p. 90). In contrast, new economy firms operate in advance technology industry sectors and the highly competing and successful firms have the opportunity of building value at a higher growth rate. Good examples of these new economy firms include primary firms, whose operations involve commerce and technology-based services such as Intel, Google, eBay, and Cisco. These new economy firms typically operate in environments, which are extremely different from of the old economy firms and have more volatile stocks (Stiglitz & Ocampo 2008, p. 30). New economy firms do not necessarily pay dividends since they opt to reinvest their profits into new businesses or expansion. Old and new economy firms not only differ in terms of their activities, but also they differ in the way markets value them. New economy firms tend to have strong volatility valuations since their modes of

The Scramble for Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Scramble for Africa - Essay Example 5). The impact of globalization on Africa has illustrated its dangers. Just as capitalism needed to be regulated in the United States and other market economies in the industrial age to protect people from the abuse of companies in the name of profit, a worldwide effort arguably needs to be made to protect the most vulnerable people in the world from corporate abuse when their own governments will not do so. According to Simon Taylor, director of Global Witness, a globalization watchdog, G8 countries need to take the lead in preventing this kind of abuse, as their companies are the most likely to be benefiting from it. He asserts, "Western companies and banks have colluded in stripping Africa's resources. We need to track revenues from oil, mining and logging into national budgets to make sure that the money isn't siphoned off by corrupt officials" (par. 4). The potential for Africa to produce huge profits for foreign investors is undeniable. The continent is shaping up to be the highest potential investment area in the world. "Sub-Saharan Africa may be the poorest region in the world but it is also its most profitable investment destination. According to the World Bank's 2003 global development finance report, the continent offers 'the highest returns on foreign direct investment of any region in the world'" (Wright 2005, par. 7). It is only a matter of time before this fact will influence the behavior of foreign companies. "At the moment only around 1% of the private capital that is sloshing around the globe finds its way into sub-Saharan Africa. But there is an increasing band of intrepid international companies that are initiating a new scramble for Africa. Like the colonial pioneers before them, they have found that the strategy can be risky but the potential rewards are enormous" (par. 8). The African continent's wealth of oil and diamonds is the primary target of this latest "scramble." Oil in particular has led developed nations to eye Africa, particularly given the recent escalation of prices. "Spurred by rising global oil prices and depleting reservoirs nearer home, the world's biggest energy-consuming countries have re-discovered Africa. Oil production across that least-developed continent is set to double by the end of the decade, with the US alone importing more than a quarter of its requirements from there. Africa is expected to supply one-fifth of global output by 2010" ("Oil exploration" 2005, par. 2). Competition for this African resource is fierce, and threatens to inflict serious injury on local populations. "As the world's oil becomes depleted, the energy-intensive developed countries face each other in mounting competition for the remaining resources. This trend could have major economic, political, social and environmental implications for regions such as Africa" (par. 1). Unfettered by the kind of government regulation constraining huge multinational oil companies in developed countries, there is a grave risk that they could fail to implement environmental and other safeguards, thereby risking the health and safety of the local populations. Further, an environmental disaster such as an oil spill or refinery explosion could have tremendous economic

Expectancy Theory of Motivation

Expectancy Theory of Motivation Introduction When we talk about motivation, we can see motivation as the strength arising from the mind / mental effort that dictates how an individual will behaviour in an organization or work place, how much effort this individual has on his/her tasks and how this person continues firmly on his /her tasks whenever hurdles face him/her. To managers, their interest is to ensure implementation of strategies and thus they have the obligation to motivate their workers because loosing an employee can be very costly. In addition, managers need to motivate workers so that they can retain the valuable ones as well recruit the best to join the organization as this translates to success in implementing strategies. Through intrinsic reward (self-satisfaction on completing a task) and extrinsic reward (being recognized by others for good work done), employees are able to perform as managers expect, thus managers have to ensure they motivate their employees. As there are several motivation theories, only thr ough comparing and contrasting one can establish which ones motivate workers more than others. Maslows pyramid or hierarchy of needs theory of motivation has greater motivation to employees than Vrooms expectancy theory. Comparing First, Maslows hierarchy theory as an earlier proposition, it creates the base on which Vrooms expectancy theory, a later edition, builds on. Secondly, both the Expectancy and the Maslows hierarchy of needs motivational theories, they both enable a person to modify his/her input (efforts to undertake a task) depending on the importance they have on the expected result in the entire procedure of undertaking that task and what they understand about input and output. For example, Maslow theory of motivation as a commonly known theory, it addresses needs of an individual in a hierarchy manner. It considers a single need and this need depends on already other satisfied needs. From an arrangement of how these needs need to fulfilment in a hierarchy manner, one can establish those that require early fulfilment than others. In addition, both theories allows an individual to establish which results are most likely to motivate people and this will dictate the best measures to take as factors o f their experiences and expectations ( Droar 2006). Maslows understanding on the effect of unsatisfied needs relates to expectancy theory in that like Maslow, Vroom indicates in the expectancy theory that the need to fulfil unmet demands is what motivates individuals where such a person will make a concerned decision to undertake a certain task in a manner that he/she understands as satisfying that need. Therefore, high motivation will manifest where there is concise and quantified goals that for example in a team the team members understand how a task as achievable and how it would benefit them considerably. In cases of low motivation, team members usually become frustrated as they cannot define the best ways to undertake different tasks and for what rewards these tasks can bring to them (Yeatts and Hyten 1998, p. 64). In addition, whenever an individual understands that he/she is lacking an essential item/want necessary for wellbeing, then this understanding will establish a need for that individual to undertake activities or behave in a manner that will lead to satisfying that particular need. Moreover, if someone understands that certain need is being satisfied, then this person will lack motivation to manifest characters/behaviours that associate with fulfilling the need (Yeatts and Hyten, 1998, p. 63). Considering this perspective in a work place, what this indicates is that financial benefits will act as a significant motivation tool until an understanding that the money is a way of fulfilling different categories of demands (basic needs). Contrary to this, if these people understand that such demands are fulfilling, then these people/employees will lack motivation to fulfil such needs and will rather establish other ways of fulfilling higher ranked needs touching self-esteem. The more the ex pectations employees have on their job, the greater the motivation they will have to perform. These approaches are common both the Maslows hierarchy of needs and Vrooms expectancy theories of motivation. Contrasting As suggested by Victor Vroom and unlike Maslow theory, the expectancy theory of motivation does not focus on needs but concentrates in the results. When Maslows hierarchy of needs theory concentrates on the association of internal needs of an individual and the expected effort needed to satisfy them such as time and money, Vroom puts apart effort (a result of motivation), performance, and results/outcome. What this means is that for anyone to get motivated, the drive behind effort should associate with execution of relevant tasks and the outcome. To connect the drive/effort with performance, expectancy helps one to believe that extra dedication on a task will improve performance, meaning hard work pays. For the hard work to be fruitful there has to be right resources (adequate time, appropriate skills, and support). Linking performance and outcome will be instrumentality that helps one perceive that whenever an individual performs excellently, then a worthy outcome is viable and fina lly valence connects outcome and effort as dictated by the main motivation. For example, if cash motivates someone, then taking leave would not be valuable to this person because he is not making money. In Maslows theory of motivation, individuals get motivation from something extra as compared to only cash/financial benefits and job fulfilment. Therefore, the broad consideration of varying factors improves motivation of individuals/employees. Expectancy theory on its part only illustrates motivation as not applying to all cases as the understanding of whatever one wants to achieve/objects relates to efforts on a task and performance of that task, performance and compensation/gain, gain and objective fulfilment. As these will differ for different individuals as well as locations, to design rewarding systems, managers should thus always consider respective organizational structure so that the rewards offered relate to individual goals in such environments (Gunkel 2006, p. 15). Expectancy Theory of motivation proves to be most sophisticated comparing to Maslows theory in motivating employees because the effort to undertake a task will relate to the surrounding and capability to dictate the resulting achievement/performance of a person (Griffin and Moorhead 2009, p. 99). This theory to significant number of people and situations, might fail to apply. For example, it is more difficult to change management practices of an organization to meet individual needs, which might appear as outdated ways of doing things to many people and thus expectancy theory viewed as an individualized theory rather than management oriented (Hassard and Parker 1993, p. 93). Contrary to the expectancy theory, Maslows hierarchy of needs theory has the option that working towards self-actualization, rather than actually achieving it may be the ultimate motivation for most people (Griffin and Moorhead 2009, p. 88). As currently, some people find themselves leaving high paying jobs that fail to satisfy their job objectives to low paying jobs that satisfy. Maslows gives a sense of understanding without conscious reasoning thus common to many practicing managers and gives a general structure to classify demands as needs will not necessary fit to Maslows model. In the manner in which the needs rank, the bottom needs will be termed as physiological needs (food and water) and they determine when the following batch of growth needs (knowing and perceiving ones needs) will start fulfilment. It is only when the growth needs are fulfilled that one is at peace to attain his/her potential such as self-actualization (example) after which one can overcome his/her self-es teem (example) to assist others (Droar 2006). This is a more realist arrangement that enables one to progressive exploit his/her potential through satisfaction from preceding level of needs unlike expectancy theory that limits only on reward and job satisfaction. The expectation theory to managers will base their reward on individual achievement as to how better that individual relates input and output paying attention of any possible changes in the process to reduce risk. Furthermore, managers are required to utilize organizational structure that hold rewards and performance together as well as ensuring rewards are worthy to employees, and should involve in training to improve employees ability and understanding that extra effort yields good performance. This can be challenging as the process might turn out to be complex for some mangers. However, Maslows hierarchy of needs theory will give the flexibility for managers to allow development up the ranks of their employees in the best way they feel satisfied increasing motivation. In addition, Maslows theory allows managers to understand the significant needs active for specific employee ensuring motivation. Conclusion In summary, Maslows hierarchy of needs theory has greater motivation to employees compared to the expectancy theory. Although they compare in some aspects, the significantly differ in others. These two theories compare in Maslow theory creating a base from which expectancy theory develops from, both enabling a person to modify his/her input depending on the importance they have on the expected result after performing a task, as well as allowing an individual to establish which results are most likely to motivate them or others. Contrary to the similarities, expectancy theory concentrates on the needs rather than the results on a particular task where else Maslows theory focuses on how the different needs associate with themselves and what it calls fro to satisfy them and allows managers to understand the significant needs active for specific employee ensuring motivation. Expectancy theory separates effort, performance, and achievement of a certain task making it difficult and sophist icated for many individuals to explore their potentials because the effort to undertake a task will relate to the surrounding and capability to dictate the resulting achievement/performance of a person. This can be a complex process. Therefore, Maslows hierarchy of needs theory of motivation is more realistic and cheaper in motivating compared to expectancy theory of motivation. References Droar, D., 2006. Expectancy theory of motivation. Available at: http://www.arrod.co.uk/archive/concept_vroom.php [accessed 18 March 2010] Griffin, R. and G. Moorhead, 2009. Organizational behavior: managing people and organizations. 9th ed. Connecticut, US: Cengage Gunkel, M., 2006. Country-compatible incentive design: a comparison of employees performance reward preferences in German and the USA. New York: Springer Hassard, J. and M. Parker, 1993. Post modernization and organization. London, UK: SAGE Yeatts, D. and C. Hyten, 1998. High-performing self-managed work teams: a comparison of Theory to practice. London, UK: SAGE

George and Lennie in the First Three Chapters of Steinbecks Of Mice an

In chapter one, George and Lennie are introduced onto the scene and you get to know them a little bit and you get to see how they are related/ their relationship. When I read this first part, I could tell that George was pretty much Lennie’s caretaker and it was his job to find Lennie a job and make sure he ate enough and stayed a live. He kind of resented having to drag Lennie around (pg 11~12: â€Å"Well we ain’t got any!† George exploded. â€Å"Whatever we ain’t got, you want. If I was alone I could live so easy†¦ But wadda I got? I got you. You can’t keep a job and you loose me every job I get.†), because Lennie’s a bit slow and he messes up a lot. He tries really hard to be good and listen to what George tells him to do, but in the end of every situation, Lennie forgets what George told him beforehand and sometimes it creates a little trouble (pg 45~46: â€Å"Well, he seen this girl in this red dress. Dumb like he is , he likes to touch ever’thing he likes. Just wants to feel it. So he reaches out to feel this red dress an’ the girl lets out a squawk, and that gets Lennie all mixed up, and he holds on ‘cause that’s the only thing he can think to do. Well, this girl just squawks and squawks. I was jus’ a little bit off, and I heard all the yellin’, so I comes running, an’ by that time Lennie’s so scared all he can think to do is jus’ hold on. I socked him over the head with a fence picket to make him let go. He was so scairt he couldn’t let go of the dress. And he’s so strong, you know†¦ Well, that girl rabbits in an’ tells the law she’s been raped. The guys in Weed start a party out to lynch Lennie. So we sit in an irrigation ditch under water all the rest of that day.†). But when you look at them, you can tell that George is... ...e Lennie is scared and confused (and still dazzled by the farm memory), he doesn’t even try to protect himself. He just cries to George to make Curley stop. George just wants Lennie to stand up for himself, so he tells Lennie to ‘get him’. Lennie obeys George and, in the process, breaks every bone in Curley’s hand. (pg 69: Curley’s fist was swinging when Lennie reached for it. The next minute Curley was flopping like a fish on a line, and his closed fist was lost in Lennie’s big hand†¦Ã¢â‚¬ we got to get him in to a doctor,† he said. â€Å"Looks to me like ever’ bone in his han’ is bust.†) Slim threatens to make Curley the laughing stock of the town if he tells what really happened instead of saying that his hand got caught in a machine. I knew that somehow, somewhere in the storyline, Curley was gonna get into a fight with Lennie and Lennie was gonna hurt Curley badly.